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» Universal tool for estimation of programmable logic controllers processing power

Processing power is a key feature of the contemporary computer systems of all kinds. Quality of computer exploitation is directly conditioned by the ability to perform operations in a rapid way. Processing power is therefore the principal criterion of computer system design and choice. The aim of technology progress is to achieve the highest performance for the lowest possible cost [2]. In recent years, specialized industrial computers known as programmable logic controllers, literally revolutionized control engineering by providing a flexibility of PC, simultaneously conforming industrial standards and expectations. PLCs, being the key element of contemporary automation systems, are subject to rapid development [3]. Over the last two decades a vast body of knowledge, dealing with the performance evaluation of computer systems, has accumulated. Sophisticated measurement tools, called benchmarks, were elaborated to estimate computer systems processing power [4]. Simultaneously, no progress in this area is observed for industrial controllers. Producers as well as clients usually focus their attention on price, expansion modules available, additional function blocks, memory size and extra features. What is more, the choice of industrial controller is often dictated by contractor or control engineers, who tend to keep to one family of PLC, since other choice require additional training [3]. Since there is no representative and explicit technique of processing power estimation for programmable logic controllers available and no considerations relating benchmarks for PLC are present in scientific literature, there is a need to elaborate benchmark to enable comparison of industrial controllers. General design approach Design process was substantially influenced by benchmarks available for personal computers. Benchmark for PLC, which was created, is conceptually similar to Whetstone test [5]. Certainly, the philosophy of programmi[...] więcej»
w zeszycie ELEKTRONIKA - KONSTRUKCJE, TECHNOLOGIE, ZASTOSOWANIA 2010/11

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» Scripting languages for simulations in modern SCADA systems

PAWEŁ MARCINIAK

ZBIGNIEW KULESZA

ANDRZEJ NAPIERALSKI

RAFAŁ KOTAS

Fast development in the field of technology and science (computer science, automation, electronics, robotics) made a significant impact on the appearance of contemporary factories and industrial plants. In modern manufacturing and industrial processes, mining and metallurgy industries, private and public factors leisure and security industries telemetry is often needed to connect equipment and systems separated by large distances (thousands of kilometers). New technology is being applied to almost every industrial process which demands an advanced control. SCADA systems provide real-time monitoring and control of your equipment.[1] SCADA systems have been around as long as there have been control systems. The first SCADA systems utilized data acquisition by means of panels of meters, lights and strip chart recorders. The operator had to operate manually various control knobs to handle supervisory control. These devices are still used to do supervisory control and data acquisition in small factories, plants and power generating facilities.[1] Modern SCADA systems refer to the combination of telemetry and data acquisition. SCADA involves the collecting of the information from PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers, transferring it back to the central site, carrying out any necessary analysis and then displaying that information on operator screens, displays and personal computers. The required control actions are then sent back to the process. In practice SCADA is an industrial control system which encompasses: HMI (Human Machine Interface), computer system monitoring, data acquisition and processing, advanced visualization.[ 2] References [1] Griebel A. et al.: Integrated polymer chip for two-dimensional capillary gel electrophoresis. Lab on a Chip, 2004, vol. 4, 18-23. [2] Agirregabiria M. et al.: Concentration, lysis and real-time PCR on a SU-8 lab on a chip for rapid detection of Salmonella spp. in faeces. Proc. of μ[...] więcej»
w zeszycie ELEKTRONIKA - KONSTRUKCJE, TECHNOLOGIE, ZASTOSOWANIA 2010/11

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» Model of human palm controlled by glove with micromachined accelerometers

RAFAŁ KOTAS

Human body is a model for imitation for scientists for many ages. It is so complex and complicated that only in a few areas machines have a similar functions and construction to human body. First mention about using prosthesis (artificial limb) appears to be in antiquity. They were invented for a special purpose which is replacing human arm or leg. Unfortunately many people have lost their arm or leg as a result of accidence or disease. Engineers decided to help these people. They created many inventions. In the beginning these prosthesis had only similar shape as the human hand, arm or palm. Other constructions were too heavy for real applications. And other were so complex and complicated that they were too expensive and out of ordinary people’s reach. The second field of technology connected with this research is the field of manipulators. In every century people were improving tools to make their work and life easier. Because of these new inventions people could work easier. They were replaced in many factories by manipulators. These machines are build as a model of human arm. Their task is to move heavy and dangerous things with high precision. The principle of operating The operation of this device could be divided into four main stages (Table 1). At first virtual glove measures the gravity acceleration. This measurement is implemented with the use of six micromachined accelerometers which are appropriately spaced on three fingers (thumb, forefinger and middle finger) and on the top of a palm. Virtual glove is shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 1. Demonstrating model of a human palm Rys. 1. Model demonstracyjny ludzkiej dłoni The object of this project was to build a model of human palm consisted of three fingers that could be used in many applications. It is shown in Fig. 1. The main goal wa[...] więcej»
w zeszycie ELEKTRONIKA - KONSTRUKCJE, TECHNOLOGIE, ZASTOSOWANIA 2010/11

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