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Wyniki 1-10 spośród 12 dla zapytania: authorDesc:"ANDRZEJ DZIEDZIC"

» Zagrożenia w zawodzie policjanta

Andrzej Dziedzic  
Policjanci podczas wykonywania swoich obowiązków służbowych narażeni są na obrażenia ciała, kalectwo, utratę życia, będące skutkiem postępowania osób, wobec których podejmowane są działania mające na celu eliminację zachowań sprzecznych z prawem. Policjanci zazwyczaj żyją w ciągłej obawie przed fizycznym zagrożeniem i są często uczestnikami dramatycznych sytuacji, co staje się źródłem stresu, problemów rodzinnych i osobistych.Policja to umundurowana i uzbrojona formacja przeznaczona do ochrony bezpieczeństwa ludzi i mienia oraz do utrzymywania bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego. Policjant to funkcjonariusz państwowy, którym jest zarówno pracownik liniowy, czyli ten, który ma bezpośrednio do czynienia z przestępcami, jak i technik, analityk czy specjalista informatyk. Policja składa się z następujących rodzajów służb: kryminalnej, prewencyjnej, śledczej, lotnictwa Policji oraz wspomagającej działalność Policji w zakresie organizacyjnym, logistycznym i technicznym. Zgodnie z art. 2 ustawy z 6 kwietnia 1990 r. o Policji (t.j.: DzU z 2007 r., nr 43, poz. 277 ze zm.) do podstawowych zadań Policji należy: ochrona życia i zdrowia ludzi i mienia przed bezprawnymi zamachami naruszającymi ich dobra; ochrona bezpieczeństwa i porządk[...] więcej»
w zeszycie ATEST - OCHRONA PRACY 2011/7


 

» Modelowanie i analiza grubowarstwowych mikrogeneratorów termoelektrycznych

PIOTR MARKOWSKI  ANDRZEJ DZIEDZIC  
Współczesna mikroelektronika potrzebuje nowych źródeł energii elektrycznej do zasilania mikroukładów. Wśród różnych rozwiązań pojawiają się również elementy termoelektryczne, wykorzystujące do wytwarzania energii elektrycznej zjawisko Seebecka. Jeżeli dwa różne materiały A i B (ramiona termopary) zostaną złączone końcówkami i utworzą taki zamknięty obwód elektryczny, że powstałe złącza będą [...] więcej»
w zeszycie ELEKTRONIKA - KONSTRUKCJE, TECHNOLOGIE, ZASTOSOWANIA 2007/3


 

» Technika grubowarstwowa i LTCC w realizacji elementów elektroniki wysokotemperaturowe

Andrzej Dziedzic  Damian Nowak  
Elektronika diametralnie zmieniła nasze życie w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach. Jednak urządzenia elektroniczne pracują niezawodnie w ograniczonym zakresie temperatury. Aktualnie zdecydowanie największy segment przemysłu elektronicznego, tzw. elektronika konsumencka charakteryzuje się standardowym temperaturowym zakresem pracy pomiędzy -40 a 85oC, wymogi temperaturowe elektroniki militarnej (zakres temperatury pracy -65…150oC) spełnia jedynie kilka procent układów/systemów elektronicznych. Z drugiej strony coraz większe zainteresowanie budzą układy/systemy elektroniczne pracujące w ekstremalnie niskiej lub wysokiej temperaturze. Jest to m.in. związane z potrzebami przemysłu lotniczego i kosmicznego, wiertniczego, motoryzacji, czy też oprzyrządowania elektrowni jądrowych. Elektronika ekstremalnych temperatur wymaga opracowania aktywnych struktur półprzewodnikowych, odpowiednich elementów biernych (rezystorów, kondensatorów, cewek, filtrów biernych, rezystorów nieliniowych, transformatorów, bezpieczników) i ich montażu oraz integracji na odpowiednim podłożu. Elementy aktywne o poszerzonym temperaturowym zakresie pracy można realizować wykorzystując m.in. technologię HTASICR, bazującą na procesach CMOS/BiCMOS uzupełnionych o dodatkowe operacje technologiczne (pozwala na niezawodną pracę długookresową do 230oC), technologię SOI (dostępne są komercyjne przyrządy, wykonane w tej technologii, zdolne do pracy aż do 250oC) oraz półprzewodniki szerokopasmowe (GaAs, który może działać do 350oC i przede wszystkim SiC oraz GaN, które potencjalnie powinny pozwolić na opracowanie przyrządów działających poprawnie do 600oC) [1-5]. Problematyka SiC i GaN jest przedmiotem intensywnych prac badawczych także w Polsce [6]. Do współpracy z SiC nadają się obudowy z Al2O3, AlN, ceramiki niskotemperaturowej współwypalanej LTCC (Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics), Si3N4 i DBC (Direct Bonded Copper) [7-12]. Jeżeli idzie o elektronikę wysokotemperatu[...] więcej»
w zeszycie ELEKTRONIKA - KONSTRUKCJE, TECHNOLOGIE, ZASTOSOWANIA 2012/2


 

» A low-cost impedance measurement technique for thick-film electronic components diagnostics

MARCIN W. DUDEK  KAROL NITSCH  ANDRZEJ DZIEDZIC  
Fabrication of thick-film electronic components (resistors, capacitors, varistors) involves a lot of still developing techniques: screen printing, photoforming, direct write printing, liquid ink jet printing, laser trimming etc. Different methods of production result in various electrical properties of fabricated components. Electrical impedance is the main physical parameter that fully characterize alternating current properties of electronic components. The main technique to investigate AC properties is impedance spectroscopy [1]. Full characterization of electrical properties requires wide frequency range measurements which normally need precise and expensive analyzers [2]. Simple and inexpensive Virtual Instrument setup and impedance calculation algorithms that are proposed in this paper ensure that first basic post-process quality check of fabricated thick-film structures can be obtained on place in the technological laboratory without need of high cost precise measuring devices which are always complicated to operate and needs qualified metrological personnel. Principle of measurement Basically, we can describe impedance as a complex number that represents current response for voltage perturbation (and vice-versa). For sinusoidal signal this response is seen as an amplitude change and time delay of response signal (described as an angular part of period) - Fig. 1. Using simple calculations we can transform impedance (dependent on perturbation frequency) to other useful object parameters (admittance Y(ω), complex capacitance C(ω) and electrical modulus M(ω)) as well as material parameters (resistivity ρ(ω), conductivity σ(ω), permittivity ε(ω), and modulus m(ω)) - Fig. 2. Classic techniques of impedance measurement include impedance bridges or resonant bridges. First method can cover frequencies from DC to 300 MHz, second one is suitable only for frequencies higher tha[...] więcej»
w zeszycie ELEKTRONIKA - KONSTRUKCJE, TECHNOLOGIE, ZASTOSOWANIA 2011/3


 

» Electrical and stability properties of thin-film resistors embedded in printed circuit boards

TOMASZ JÓZENKÓW  ANDRZEJ DZIEDZIC  JANUSZ BORECKI  GRAŻYNA KOZIOŁ  
Nowadays the driving force that leads to development of electronics demands reduction of dimensions and manufacturing costs of new devices. Majority of the space on printed circuit board is consumed by passives, like resistors or capacitors. Classical surface mount technology almost reached its limit and it is impossible to shrink the circuits much more because the passive components always [...] więcej»
w zeszycie ELEKTRONIKA - KONSTRUKCJE, TECHNOLOGIE, ZASTOSOWANIA 2007/12


 

» High temperature properties of thick-film and LTCC components

Damian Nowak  Mateusz Janiak  Andrzej Dziedzic  Tomasz Piasecki  
There is an increased demand for electronics that can work in harsh environment involving high temperature. Applications include sensors and actuators for control in petroleum and geothermal industry, process monitoring and distributed control systems in automotive and aerospace [1-3]. Complete extreme high-temperature electronic systems require active devices as well as proper passive components (eg. resistors, capacitors, inductors). There comes also the requirement for further miniaturization and integration of electronic components. Thick-film and LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramics) technologies are well-established and relatively low-cost fabrication method of passives. Thus, they represent promising fabrication techniques to meet the demands for devices that are miniaturized and operate at high temperature [4-7]. This paper presents manufacturing process of thick-film and LTCC resistors, planar inductors and interdigital capacitors as well as their chosen electrical and stability properties in a wide frequency and temperature range. Test structures fabrication Square planar inductors and interdigital capacitors were made on alumina (96% Al2O3, 635 μm thick) or fired LTCC (DP951, 300 μm thick) substrates. The size of the fabricated components was 3×3 mm2 and 50 μm track width/50 μm spacing were designed. The inductors consist of 2 or 3 tu[...] więcej»
w zeszycie ELEKTRONIKA - KONSTRUKCJE, TECHNOLOGIE, ZASTOSOWANIA 2012/1


 

» Investigations of passive components embedded in printed circuit boards

Wojciech Stęplewski  Tomasz Serzysko  Grażyna Kozioł   Kamil Janeczek  Andrzej Dziedzic  
The concept of passive components embedded between inner layers of printed circuit board (PCB) was introduced many years ago. The first trials of embedded capacitors started at the end of sixties of the last century [1]. In the beginning of seventies started the applying of NiP layers for manufacturing of thin layer resistors [2]. Up to present day many materials which can be used for embedded passives were elaborated. But this technology is used in small range, especially in military and air electronics as well as in space electronics. Due to the increasing number of components which are now required to support a single active device, the passives are quickly becoming the major bottleneck in the general miniaturization trend which has become so important in today’s electronics world. The miniaturization of conventional passives reaches its limits and the next obvious choice is to embed the passive components into the PCB. This allows further miniaturization, has the potential to reduce cost and moreover exhibits superior electrical behavior with respect to the minimization of parasitic effects [3, 4]. Despite unquestionable advantages which characterize the embedded elements, they are not generally used in the production of PCBs. As well the designing of electronic devices such as filters, generators, RFID systems and many others, which are composed of passive components, was not to this time used on larger scale and knowledge in this matter is still very poor. Embedding passives will permit to integrate these elements and whole structures into the PCB. The idea of packing more and more elements in PCBs by application and development of embedding passives technologies becomes a necessity for electronic equipment producers. Materials and structures Thin-film resistors In the investigations two types of materials with sheet resistance of 25 Ω/□ (thickness 0.4 μm) and 100 Ω/□ (thickness 0.1 [...] więcej»
w zeszycie ELEKTRONIKA - KONSTRUKCJE, TECHNOLOGIE, ZASTOSOWANIA 2012/1


 

» Analysis of pulse durability of thin-film and polymer thick-film resistors embedded in printed circuit boards

Adam Kłossowicz  Andrzej Dziedzic  Paweł Winiarski  Wojciech Stęplewski  Grażyna Kozioł  
Traditional passives are three-dimensional discrete components, soldered through or onto surface. They occupy significant part of top/bottom surface (up to 50% of the surface area) and increase thickness and weight of electronic circuits/systems. The embedded passives (resistors, capacitors and/or inductors - Fig. 1) are more and more used in multichip module (MCM) technologies. They are fabricated among others in Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCC) substrates or PCBs. The embedded passives in comparison to traditional ones are essentially two-dimensional elements that become part of the internal layers of a PCB or LTCC substrate increasing its thickness only of around several μm. Shifting of passives into substrate can increase a free space of PCB for active components and improve packaging density. The embedded passive technology (EPT) is incited by many factors such as the need for higher packaging density, lower production costs and better electrical properties. EPT permits for distance reduction between components (which leads to reduction of parasitics, less crosstalk and enhance transmission quality) and improving of electrical performance especially in higher frequencies (because of lower loss and lower noise yield). One should note, that EPT can also simplify the assembly process and reduce assembly cost (for example embedded passives has not problem with positioning). By using embedded passives we can lower material cost by reducing the number of discrete passives, flux, and solder paste. Nowadays technology allows to embedding both thick-film and thin-film resistors. Pulse durability is an important parameter of passive components and active devices. In general, the susceptibility to high voltage pulses and electrostatic discharges has been investigated for thin- and thick-film resistors for more than 30 years [1, 2]. Such investigations can be performed with the aid of single or series of "long" pulses ([...] więcej»
w zeszycie ELEKTRONIKA - KONSTRUKCJE, TECHNOLOGIE, ZASTOSOWANIA 2012/1


 

» Analysis of long-term stability of thin-film and polymer thick-film resistors embedded in Printed Circuit Boards

Paweł Winiarski  Andrzej Dziedzic  Adam Kłossowicz  Wojciech Stęplewski  Grażyna Kozioł  
Embedded passives play a major role in miniaturisation of electronic circuits, where e.g. MCM or HDI technologies [1] can be used. In most cases resistors represent the majority of passive components used on a circuit board. Besides size aspects, there are other very important issues like tolerance, reliability and long-term stability of components, especially in specialized applications. Technology and production processes are extensively studied and improved. However, to determine real reliability of fabricated components proper measuring methods are needed. To analyze stability of the resistors an accelerated ageing process can be used. Treating resistors with elevated temperature (or/and humidity) allows (in quite short time) obtain long-term behaviour of tested samples referred to a few years of service [2]. Test structures The thin-film resistors were fabricated on FR-4 laminate in accordance with Ohmega-Ply® techno-logy [3, 4]. In this technique firstly thin layer of Nickel-Phosphorous alloy is electroplated on copper foil, afterwards this composite foil called RCM (resistor-conductor material) is laminated to FR-4 substrate. Finally copper circuitry and planar resistors are realized by subtractive processes. Two types of resistive foil were used for fabrication of structures with sheet resistance 25 Ω/sq and 100 Ω/sq (with thickness 0.4 μm and 0.1 μm respectively). The rectangular resistors, with width from 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm and aspect ratio n=l/w between 1 and 4, were designed and fabricated. Moreover, to investigate embedded resistors, part of the samples was covered with two types of cladding - Resin Coated Copper (RCC) or Laser Drillable Prepreg (LDP) 2 × 106. The cladding gives additional protection from environ-mental conditions. The PTF resistors were made using a standard thick-film method [5]. To fabricate resistors three types of resistive inks were used, with sheet resistance 20 ][...] więcej»
w zeszycie ELEKTRONIKA - KONSTRUKCJE, TECHNOLOGIE, ZASTOSOWANIA 2012/1


 

» Influence of Selected Constructional and Technological Factors on Tolerance and Stability of Thin-Film Resistors Embedded in PCBs

WOJCIECH STĘPLEWSKI  JANUSZ BORECKI  GRAŻYNA KOZIOŁ  ANETA ARAŹNA  ANDRZEJ DZIEDZIC  PIOTR MARKOWSKI  
In the study the OhmegaPly? material was selected to forming resistors. The commercial available material is produced by deposition the resistive layer (Ni-P) on copper foil and lamination onto FR4 material. Resistivity of Ni-P layer depends on thickness of this layer and can be in range from 10 Ω/□ to 250 Ω/□. In the investigation it was used material with sheet resistance of 25 Ω/□ (thickness - 0.4 μm) and 100 Ω/□ (thickness - 0.1 μm). Thin-film character of the resistor cause that it can be embedded inside of PCB without increasing its thickness. The other advantage is that embedded resistor is not assembled in the contrast to conventional element so the number of component solder joints will decrease and this can improve reliability of final product. However, the resistive layer is very thin and simultaneously it has very rough surface (Fig. 1). It can be the reason that the thin-film resistive layer is sensitive to mechanical factors (scratch, stress during lamination) and also on chemicals that are used in PCB manufacturing process. Influence of crucial constructional factors such as size, shape and resistors orientation as well as technological parameters of resistor forming process and PCB manufacturing process on the tolerance and stability of embedded resistor parameters was assessed. The experiments were carried out both in the laboratory and on technological line at Tele and Radio Research Institute. The Sequential Build Up technology was applied to manufacture PCBs with thin-film embedded resistors. The results revealed that some factors can accumulate or neutralize each other influence on the final value of resistance also in dependence on the existing manufacturing processes and production facilities. The knowledge on changes in resistors properties introduced by individual parameters of the design and technological processes is a crucial issue before intr[...] więcej»
w zeszycie ELEKTRONIKA - KONSTRUKCJE, TECHNOLOGIE, ZASTOSOWANIA 2011/3


 

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